Research

Existing articles that pertain to paramedics and the deleterious effects of the job on the professionals who practice it, with particular emphasis on the effects of stressors.

  • Aasa U, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Angquist KA, Brulin C.  (2005). Relationships between work-related factors and disorders in the neck-shoulder and low-back region among female and male ambulance personnel.  J Occup Health. 2005 Nov;47(6):481-9. [abstract]
  • Aasa U, Brulin C, Angquist KA, Barnekow-Bergkvist M. (2005). Work-related psychosocial factors, worry about work conditions and health complaints among female and male ambulance personnel. Scand J Caring Sci 2005, 19:251-258. [abstract]
  • Aasa U, Kalezic N, Lyskov E, Angquist KA, Barnekow-Bergkvist M. (2006). Stress monitoring of ambulance personnel during work and leisure time. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006 Oct;80(1):51-9. Epub 2006 May 6. [abstract]
  • Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2001). Ambulance personnel and critical incidents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 76-81. [abstract]
  • Alexander DA, Wells A. (1991). Reactions of police officers to body-handling after a major disaster. A before-and-after comparison. Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;159:547–555. [abstract]
  • Alexander DA. (1993).  Stress among police body handlers. A long-term follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 1993 Dec;163:806-8. [abstract]
  • Anonymous: Ambulance crash-related injuries among Emergency Medical Services workers–United States, 1991-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003, 52:154-156. [abstract]
  • Beaton, R., Murphy, S. A., Pike, K. C., & Corneil, W. (1997). Social support and network conflict in firefighters and paramedics. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19, 297-313. [abstract]
  • Beaton R, Murphy S, Johnson C, Pike K, Corneil W: Exposure to duty-related incident stressors in urban firefighters and paramedics. J Trauma Stress 1998, 11:821-828. [abstract]
  • Bennett, P., Williams, Y., Page, N., Hood, K., & Woollard, M. (2004). Levels of mental health problems among UK emergency ambulance workers. Emergency Medicine Journal, 21, 235-236.
  • Bennett P, Williams Y, Page N, Hood K, Woollard M, Vetter N: Associations between organizational and incident factors and emotional distress in emergency ambulance personnel. Br J Clin Psychol 2005, 44:215-226. [abstract]
  • Blumenfield, M., & Byrne, D. W. (1997). Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Urban Emergency medical Service Workers. Medscape Psychiatry and Mental Health e-Journal, 2(5).
  • Boreham CA, Gamble RP, Wallace WF, Cran GW, Stevens AB: The health status of an ambulance service. Occup Med (Lond) 1994, 44:137-140. [abstract]
  • Boudreaux, E., Mandry, C., & Brantley, P. J. (1997). Stress, job satisfaction, coping, and psychological distress among emergency medical technicians. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 12 (4), 242- 249. [abstract]
  • Boudreaux E, Mandry C, Brantley PJ: Emergency medical technician schedule modification: impact and implications during short- and long-term follow-up. Acad Emerg Med 1998, 5:128-133. [abstract]
  • Boudreaux E, Mandry C: The effects of stressors on emergency medical technicians (Part II): A critical review of the literature, and a call for further research. [Review] [29 refs]. Pre- hospital Disaster Med 1996, 11:302-307.
  • Chng CL, Eaddy S: Sensation seeking as it relates to burnout among emergency medical personnel: a Texas study. Prehospital Disaster Med 1999, 14:240-244. [abstract]
  • Clohessy, S., & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 251-265. [abstract]
  • Corneil, W., Beaton, R., Murphy, S., Johnson, C., & Pike, K. (1999). Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries. Journal of Occupational and Health Psychology, 4(2), 131-141.
  • Cydulka RK, Emerman CL, Shade B, Kubincanek J: Stress levels in EMS personnel: a national survey. Prehospital Disaster Med 1997, 12:136-140. [abstract]
  • Duchateau FX, Bajolet-Laplante MF, Chollet C, Ricard-Hibon A, Marty J: Exposure of French emergency medical personnel to violence. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2002, 21:775-778. [abstract]
  • Gallagher S, McGilloway S. (2009). Experience of critical incident stress among ambulance service staff and relationship to psychological symptoms. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2009 Fall;11(4):235-48. [abstract]
  • Grevin F: Posttraumatic stress disorder, ego defense mechanisms, and empathy among urban paramedics. Psychol Rep 1996, 79:483-495. [abstract]
  • Gershon RR, Vlahov D, Kelen G, Conrad B, Murphy L: Review of accidents/injuries among emergency medical services work- ers in Baltimore, Maryland. Prehospital Disaster Med 1995, 10:14-18. [abstract]
  • Hogya PT, Ellis L: Evaluation of the injury profile of personnel in a busy urban EMS system. Am J Emerg Med 1990, 8:308-311. [abstract]
  • James A. (1998). Perceptions of Stress in British Ambulance Personnel. Work Stress 1988, 2:319-326.
  • Jonsson, A., & Segesten, K. (2003). The meaning of traumatic events as described by nurses in ambulance service. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 11, 141-152.
  • Jonsson, A., & Segesten, K. (2004). Daily stress and concept of self in Swedish ambulance personnel. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19 (3), 226-234. [abstract]
  • Jonsson, A., Segesten, K., & Mattson, B. (2003). Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20, 79-84
  • James AE, Wright PL. Occupational stress in the ambulance service. Health Manpow Manage. 1991;17(4):4–11. [abstract]
  • Lehmann M, Dorges V, Huber G, Zollner G, Spori U, Keul J: [Behavior of free catecholamines in blood and urine of ambulance men and physicians during quick responses]. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983, 51:209-222. [article in German] [abstract]
  • Lowery, K., & Stokes, M. A. (2005). Role of peer support and emotional expression on posttraumatic stress disorder in student paramedics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(2), 171-179.
  • Mahony KL: Management and the creation of occupational stressors in an Australian and a UK ambulance service. Aust Health Rev 2001, 24:135-145.
  • Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR: Occupational fatal- ities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med 2002, 40:625-632. [abstract]
  • Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Guidotti TL, Smith GS: Occupational Inju- ries among Emergency Medical Services Personnel. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005, 9:405-411. [abstract]
  • Mechem CC, Dickinson ET, Shofer FS, Jaslow D: Injuries from assaults on paramedics and firefighters in an urban emer- gency medical services system. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002, 6:396-401. [abstract]
  • Mock EF, Wrenn KD, Wright SW, Eustis TC, Slovis CM: Anxiety levels in EMS providers: effects of violence and shifts schedules. Am J Emerg Med 1999, 17:509-511. [abstract]
  • Murphy SA, Beaton RD, Pike KC, Cain KC: Firefighters and paramedics: years of service, job aspirations, and burnout. AAOHN J 1994, 42:534-540. [abstract]
  • Ohman U, Bylund PO, Bjornstig U: Impairing injuries among medical personnel. West J Nurs Res 2002, 24:788-802.
  • Porter, S., & Johnson, A.(2008). Increasing Paramedic Students’ Resiliency to Stress: Assessing Correlates and the Impact of Intervention. College Quarterly, v11 n3 Sum 2008. [full text]
  • Progrebin, M.R., & Poole, E. D. (1991). Police and tragic events: The management of emotions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19(4), 395-403.
  • Regehr, C., Goldberg, G., & Hughes, J. (2002). Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in Ambulance Paramedics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72 (4), 505-513. [abstract]
  • Regehr C, Goldberg G, Glancy GD, Knott T: Posttraumatic symp toms and disability in paramedics. Can J Psychiatry 2002, 47:953-958. [abstract]
  • Sluiter JK, van der Beek AJ, Frings-Dresen MH: Medical staff in emergency situations: severity of patient status predicts stress hormone reactivity and recovery. Occup Environ Med 2003, 60:373-374.
  • Sluiter JK, de Croon EM, Meijman TF, Frings-Dresen MH: Need for recovery from work related fatigue and its role in the devel- opment and prediction of subjective health complaints. Occup Environ Med 2003, 60(Suppl 1):i62-70.
  • Stephens, C., & Long, N. (1997). The impact of trauma and social support on posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of New Zealand police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25 (4), 303-314.
  • Sterud T, Ekeberg Ø, Hem E. (2006).  Health status in the ambulance services: a systematic review.  BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 3;6:82.  [abstract]
  • Sterud T, Hem E, Ekeberg O, Lau B. (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: a study of two nationwide samples of operational police and ambulance, personnel in Norway. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007 Nov;68(6):896-904. [abstract]
  • Sterud T, Hem E, Ekeberg O, Lau B. (2008). Occupational stressors and its organizational and individual correlates: a nationwide study of Norwegian ambulance personnel. BMC Emerg Med. 2008 Dec 2;8:16. [abstract]
  • Sterud T, Hem E, Ekeberg O, Lau B. (2008).   Health problems and help-seeking in a nationwide sample of operational Norwegian ambulance personnel. BMC Public Health. 2008 Jan 4;8:3. [abstract]
  • Sterud T, Hem E, Lau B, Ekeberg O. (2008). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a nationwide sample of operational Norwegian ambulance personnel. J Occup Health. 2008;50(5):406-14. Epub 2008 Jul 25. [abstract]
  • van der Ploeg, E., & Kleber, R. J. (2003). Acute and chronic job stressors among ambulance personnel: predictors of health symptoms. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60 (Suppl I), i40-i46.
  • van der Ploeg E, Kleber RJ. (2003). Acute and chronic job stressors among ambulance personnel: predictors of health symptoms. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Jun;60 Suppl 1:i40-6. [abstract] [full text]
  • Wastell, C. A. (2002). Exposure to trauma: The long-term effects of suppressing emotional reactions. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 190 (12), 839-845.
  • Weisaeth L. Importance of high response rates in traumatic stress research. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1989;355:131–137.  [abstract]
  • Wiitavaara B, Lundman B, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Brulin C. (2007) Striking a balance–health experiences of male ambulance personnel with musculoskeletal symptoms: a grounded theory. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007 Jul;44(5):770-9. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [abstract]
  • Young KM, Cooper CL: Occupational stress in the ambulance service: a diagnostic study. Health Manpow Manage 1997, 23:140-7-147.

Other articles of interest (related to research)

  • Sterud, T. (2008) Ambulance workers have high accident and mortality rates but low anxiety and depression. National Institute of Occupational Health. [article]

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